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Historically, portrait paintings have primarily memorialized the rich and powerful. Over time, however, it became more common for middle-class patrons to commission portraits of their families and colleagues. Today, the portrait painting is still commissioned by governments, corporations, groups, clubs, and individuals.
Portrait painting can depict the subject 'full length', 'half length', 'head and shoulders' (also called a "bust"), or ‘head’, as well as in profile, "three-quarter view", or "full face", with varying directions of light and shadow. Occasionally, artists have created portraits with multiple views. There are even a few portraits where the front of the subject is not visible at all. From Ancient world, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo, 19th century to 20th century, there are many portraits painted famous portrait artists. Ancient world: Chinese Court portrait and Egyptian funeral portrait; Middle Ages: donor portraits, portraits of donors began to be shown as present, or participate in the main sacred scenes shown, and in more private court images subjects even appeared as significant figures, around the end of the century, the first oil portraits of contemporary individuals, painted on small wood panels, emerged in Burgundy and France, first as profiles, then in other views; Renaissance: The Renaissance marked a turning point in the history of portrait, Painting in general reached a new level of balance, harmony, and insight, and the greatest artists (Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael) were considered "geniuses", rising far above the tradesman status to valued servants of the court and the church. Early on, the Northern Europeans abandoned the profile, and started producing portraits of realistic volume and perspective. Baroque and Rococo: During the Baroque and Rococo periods (17th and 18th centuries, respectively), portraits became even more important records of status and position. In a society dominated increasingly by secular leaders in powerful courts, images of opulently attired figures were a means to affirm the authority of important individuals. 19th century: In the late 18th century and early 19th century, neoclassical artists continued the tradition of depicting subjects in the latest fashions, which for women by then, meant diaphanous gowns derived from ancient Greek and Roman clothing styles. 20th century: Other early 20th-century artists also expanded the repertoire of portraiture in new directions. Expressionist painters provided some of the most haunting and compelling psychological studies ever produced. British art was represented by the Vorticists, who painted some notable portraits in the early part of the 20th century. A significant contribution to the development of portrait painting of 1930-2000 was made by Russian artists, mainly working in the traditions of realist and figurative painting. By the 1960s and 1970s, there was a revival of portraiture. |
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